Nicotinamide has anti-inflammatory properties, which may be used for the treatment of bullous (blistering) diseases. It may improve acne by its anti-inflammatory action and by reducing sebum. It can improve skin barrier function by decreasing water loss through the epidermis (the outer skin layer) thus increasing skin hydration. It is reported to improve complexion, by improving the pigmentation, blotchiness and redness of ageing skin; it is used in some cosmeceutical products. It may reduce actinic keratoses and the risk of skin cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma.